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Cardiology

Cardiology may be a medical science that's involved with the structure and function of the heart and circulatory system, and also the diagnosing and treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are referred to as cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are known as cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery. Cardiology is split into many fields like pediatric cardiology, adult cardiology, interventional procedures, electrophysiology and echocardiography etc. Although the circulatory system is inextricably coupled to blood, cardiology is comparatively unconcerned with haematology and its diseases. Some obvious exceptions that have an effect on the occupation of the heart would be blood tests, remittent oxygen carrying capability and coagulopathies.

Hypertension

High blood pressure or hypertension will increase the chance of cardiovascular disease and stroke. High blood pressure risk factors embody obesity, drinking an excessive amount of alcohol, smoking, and case history. Beta-blockers are a typical treatment for high blood pressure. Types of hypertensive heart disease: generally, the heart issues related to high blood pressure relate to the heart’s arteries and muscles. The categories of hypertensive cardiovascular disease include: Narrowing of the arteries, Thickening and enlargement of the heart. Coronary arteries transport blood to your cardiac muscle. Once high blood pressure causes the blood vessels to become slender, blood flow to the heart will slow or stop. This condition is known as coronary cardiovascular disease, conjointly known as arterial coronary disease

Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular disease includes all heart and circulatory diseases, together with coronary heart condition, angina, heart failure, non-inheritable heart condition, high blood pressure, stroke and vascular dementedness. It is also called heart and circulatory disease. Cardiac or heart-related diseases and disorders include: Angina, arrhythmia, inherited heart disease, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart attack, heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, pulmonary stenosis, rheumatic heart disease. Vascular diseases are affect the blood vessels: the arteries, veins, or capillaries. They include: Peripheral arterial disease, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, renal artery disease, Raynaud's disease, Buerger's disease, peripheral venous disease, stroke, venous blood clots and blood clotting disorders.

Interventional Cardiology

There are 3 main kinds of cardiology: invasive, non-invasive and interventional. Interventional cardiology may be a non-surgical choice that uses a catheter – a little, versatile tube – to repair broken or weakened vessels, narrowed arteries, or different affected elements of the heart structure. Common conditions treated by interventional cardiology are arterial coronary sickness, Heart valve disease and Peripheral vascular sickness. Invasive cardiology uses open or minimally-invasive surgery to spot or treat structural or electrical abnormalities among the heart structure. Common kinds of invasive cardiology are angioplasty and Stenting. Non-invasive cardiology identifies heart issues without using any needles, fluids, or alternative instruments that are inserted into the body. Non-invasive cardiologists utilize techniques such as; nuclear cardiology, ECG, cardiac electrophysiology, Stress tests, Heart monitors and CT scans.

Vascular Biology

The vascular system involves with the heart and blood vessels. The blood vessels embody arteries that are tubes that transport blood from your heart to the remainder of your body, and veins, that come back the blood to your heart. This complex system is concerned in several numerous functions, however the foremost vital is transporting very important oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and organs. Diseases of the vascular system will be dangerous or will severely decrease your quality of life. In general, diseases of the blood vessels involve either blockage, sometimes because of coronary artery disease or degeneration leading to aneurism. Common diseases include: coronary artery disease, aneurism and Peripheral blood vessel disease.

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery also called heart surgery. Which involves in surgical operations performed on the heart under to correct life-threatening conditions. The surgery can be either open-heart surgery or minimally invasive surgery dependent on the condition to be improved. The purpose of cardiac surgery is to recover the quality of life of the patient and to increase the patient's lifespan. Cardiac surgery comprises considerable risk and is only done when the benefits outweigh the risk. Risks are highest for newborns and adults over age 60. Risk increases with age and once the individual has additional health complications such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, pulmonic edema, hereditary heart problems, electrolyte imbalances, heavy drinking, and prior history of heart attack or stroke. Although few conditions absolutely rule out a cardiac practice, the physician must judge the risks and aids on an individual basis. Common Cardiac Surgeries are Aortic surgery, Coronary artery bypass surgery, Valve replacement, Off-pump coronary artery bypass, Cardiomyoplasty, Mitral valve replacement, Septal myectomy, Balloon valvuloplasty, Endoscopic vessel harvesting, Atrial septostomy, Pericardiectomy, Valvulotomy, Arterial switch operation.

Cardiac Anesthesia

Cardiovascular anaesthesia or cardiac anesthesia is a unique and challenging subspecialty involving an array of complex procedures performed on patients. Cardiac anesthesiologists have fellowship training in anesthesia for cardiac, thoracic and vascular surgical procedure. Heart patients frequently have additional medical problems such as hypertension, diabetes or lung disease, which can complicate homoeopathic management. The additional training that cardiovascular anesthesiologists obtain along with state-of-the-art cardiac intensive care helps assure a safe outcome during surgery. During surgery, the cardiac anesthesiologist stays in the operating room as a vital part of the surgical team. Anesthesiologists will take decisions about how to protect and control any of your organ systems by using advanced technology to monitor not only your body functions but also the suitable anesthetic medications.

Ischemic Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease is also called as ischemic heart disease. Ischemic heart disease is a condition in which fatty plaque deposits slender blood vessel walls leading to the heart and reduce blood flow. When a clogged blood vessel completely blocks blood flow, a heart attack occurs. Ischemic heart disease can cause mild to severe chest pain or no pain at all. That’s why regular checkups are important. Ischemic heart disease symptoms can include:
• Pain in the ribs or upper body that may last for hours or days
• Pain in the left shoulder/between the shoulder blades
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness
• Tiredness
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Nausea

Congenital Heart Disease & Pediatric Cardiology

An inborn heart defect may be a drawback with the structure of the heart. It’s existing at birth. Inherent heart defects are the most common kind of congenital defect. The defects will involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and also the arteries and veins close to the heart. They’ll disrupt the conventional flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow will slow down, move into the incorrect direction or to the incorrect place, or be blocked utterly. Doctors use a physical examination and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They usually notice severe defects throughout gestation or presently when birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns embrace
• Rapid breathing
• Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails
• Fatigue
• Poor blood circulation
Congenital heart disease is one of the most common types of birth defect and affecting up to 8 in every 1,000 babies born in the United Kingdom. Pediatric cardiologists focus on distinguishing and treating heart issues in children. In those children who would possibly need cardiac surgery, paediatric cardiologists work closely with pediatric heart surgeons to work out the most effective treatments and interventions. Variety of heart conditions will have an effect on kids. Some are structural variations they're born with. Others comprise in the electrical system that regulates the heartbeat. Pediatric cardiologists are specially trained to diagnose and manage these issues.

Valvular Heart Diseases

There are four valves among your heart. They’re the mitral, tricuspid, aortal and pulmonary valves. The valves make certain blood flows in just one direction through the heart. Valvular cardiovascular disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one amongst the four heart valves. Valvular cardiopathy is caused by valvular stricture or valvular Insufficiency. Cause of valve sickness are congenital valve sickness, Bicuspid aortic valve sickness, acquired Valve sickness, Infective endocarditis, coronary artery sickness, heart attacks, myocardiopathy, high blood pressure, connective tissue diseases and etc.

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral artery disease refers to diseases of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain. They’re most frequently caused by a buildup of fatty deposits within the arteries. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is additionally referred to as peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral artery sickness, effects typically legs and do not receive enough blood flow to stay up with demand. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain once walking. Peripheral artery sickness signs and symptoms include:
• Painful cramping in one or each of your hips, thighs or calf muscles once bound activities, like walking or ascent stairs
• Leg numbness or weakness
• Coldness in your lower leg or foot, particularly in comparison with the opposite aspect
• Lesions on your toes, feet or legs that won’t cure
• An amendment within the color of your legs
• Slower growth of your toenails
• Shiny skin on your legs
• Erectile dysfunctions in men
Peripheral artery disease is commonly caused by arterial sclerosis. In arterial sclerosis, fatty deposits build up on your artery walls and cut back blood flow. Though discussions of arterial sclerosis sometimes target the heart, the disease can and usually does have an effect on arteries throughout your body. Once it happens within the arteries supply blood to your limbs, it causes peripheral artery sickness.

Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias is also known as Cardiac dysrhythmia or irregular heartbeat. It considered as a group of conditions in which the heart beats turn out to be irregular, too fast or too slow. When a heartbeat becomes too fast- above 100 strokes per minute in adults is known as tachycardia and when heartbeat becomes too slow- below 60 strokes per minute is known as bradycardia. Symptoms of arrhythmias are follows,
• Fast or slow heart beat
• Skipping beats
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
Common Tests for Arrhythmia’s are Holter monitor, Transtelephonic monitor, Treadmill testing, Tilt-table test, Electrophysiologic testing, Esophageal electrophysiologic procedure and Echocardiogram. Types of arrhythmia’s: Tachycardia and Bradycardia. In Atria, Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, Supraventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In ventricles, Ventricular tachycardia, Ventricular fibrillation and Long QT syndrome.

Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy

The heart’s role is to pump blood round the body, so oxygen and nutrients get to any or all the muscles and organs to power them. Once the heart doesn’t work properly, it's unable to pump as expeditiously because it ought to. This implies that less blood, at lower pressure, moves round the body and therefore the muscles and organs don’t get enough oxygen to work effectively. Cardiomyopathy will cause heart disease. This doesn’t perpetually happen, however will be caused by any kind of heart condition. Often, treatment for myocardiopathy involves reducing the chance of coronary failure developing, or controlling and reversing symptoms. Coronary failure isn't a diagnosis, however a term describing the reduced perform of the heart caused by a condition or injury to the heart. Causes heart failures are Coronary artery disease, Heart valve problems, Heart rhythm disturbances, High blood pressure, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease and Inflammation. Types of cardiomyopathies are dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and unclassified cardiomyopathy.

Cardiac Imaging

Cardiac imaging is a sub-specialty of diagnostic radiology. A cardiac radiologist organizes or performs and then interprets medical images to diagnose syndromes of the heart such as heart disease, permeable heart valves and defects in the size & shape of the heart. Standard imaging tests are,
• Echocardiography
• Chest x-ray
• CT
• MRI
• Various radionuclide techniques.
Standard CT and magnetic resonance imaging have restricted application as a result of the heart perpetually beats, however quicker CT and magnetic resonance techniques will provide helpful cardiac images; typically patients are given a drug to slow the heart rate throughout imaging. In electrocardiogram gating, the image recording is synchronized with the ECG providing data from many cardiac cycles that may be accustomed produce single images of designated points within the cardiac cycle. CT gating uses the ECG to trigger the x-ray beam at the required portion of the cardiac cycle, exposing the patient to less radiation than gating that merely reconstructs data from solely the specified portion of the cardiac cycle and doesn't interrupt the x-ray beam.

Cardio-Oncology

Cardio-oncology is that the intersection of heart conditions in patients who are treated for cancer. Cardiologists will assess patients for potential risk of developing cardiac failures if patients take certain kinds of cancer medicine or following radiation treatment to the chest. They additionally facilitate oncologists protect their patients throughout treatment by closely observation the heart and recognizing heart hassle early in treatment. There are several cardiovascular problems connected with chemotherapy and/or radiation, like arrhythmias, arterial coronary blockages, heart attack, cardiopathy, high or low blood pressure, and valve sickness. Chemotherapy can also cause bound cardiovascular risk factors to develop. As a result of the chance of cardiovascular disease from will therapies can last a lifespan, proper post-treatment observance is crucial for cancer survivors.

Obesity and Heart Diseases

Obesity is presently one of the greatest public health problems worldwide. However, despite it’s identified hurtful effects on the vascular system and its association with various vessel diseases. A standard BMI is between 18 and 25, and a BMI above 30 is considered obese. The link between cardiovascular disease and obesity is varied. For one factor obesity will increase risk of developing several different risk factors for cardiopathy. It additionally prompts inflammatory processes that may damage circulatory system and it can result in structural or practical changes in the heart itself. Several different types of heart problems are related to obesity are Coronary artery disease, Heart failure, sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

Heart Diseases in Women

The more a woman is aware of regarding cardiovascular disease, the higher probability she has of beating it. The primary facts you would like to understand are terribly serious. Cardiovascular disease and stroke cause 1 in 3 deaths among women every year, quite all cancers combined. Luckily, women will take steps to know their distinctive symptoms of cardiovascular disease and to start to scale back their risk of cardiovascular disease. The most common heart failure symptom in women is a few kind of pain, pressure or discomfort within the chest. However it's not invariably severe or maybe the foremost outstanding symptom, notably in women. And, sometimes, women might have a heart failure while not hurting. Women are more likely than men to have heart attack signs distinct to chest pain, such as:
• Neck, jaw, shoulder, upper back or abdominal discomfort
• Shortness of breath
• Pain in one or both arms
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sweating
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Unusual fatigue
Heart disease risk factors for women: Diabetes, Mental stress and depression, Smoking, Inactivity, Menopause, Broken heart syndrome, Pregnancy complications, certain chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy for cancer.

Cardiac Medical Devices

Many cardiac devices are designed to assist manages for irregular heartbeats in individuals with cardiac rhythm disorders. These irregularities are caused by issues with the heart’s electrical system, which signals the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body. A device that has wires that are constituted into the heart tissue and may deliver electrical shocks, notice the rhythm of the heart as required. Types of Cardiac Devices are Pacemaker, Biventricular Pacemaker, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, Implantable Cardiac Loop Recorder

Diabetes and Cardio-metabolic Disease

Having diabetes means more probably to develop cardiovascular disease and have a greater probability of a heart failure or stroke. People, who is having with diabetes are more possible to possess certain conditions or risk factors. That increase the possibilities of getting cardiovascular disease or stroke, like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. If having diabetes, will defend heart and health by managing blood sugar levels, similarly as blood pressure and cholesterol. Cardio Metabolic Syndrome is also known as insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome. Cardio Metabolic syndrome may be a combination of metabolic dysfunctions primarily characterized by insulin resistance, impaired aldohexose tolerance, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and central adiposeness. Common to those diseases of metabolism is that the associated development of coronary-artery disease.

Sports and Exercise Cardiology

Cardiac issues in young or athletic people are rare, however once they occur will be devastating, affecting even those considered fit and well. Exercise and fitness are basic to a healthy life. For the majority of our population there's much no limit to the quantity of exercise we must always do to remain well, and live consummated lives. However, for a small range of individuals with an underlying heart issue, vigorous exercise might cause serious risks. Sadly these conditions could also be unknown to the athlete and not become apparent till they begin a strenuous exercise program. The identification and management of those issues needs specialist medical input involving sports physicians and sports cardiologists.
There are many facets of Sports Cardiology including;
• Pre-screening for exercise involvement
• Evaluation of possible cardiac symptoms
• Evaluation of changes in athletic performance, including cardio-respiratory testing, cardiovascular testing and evaluation of medicines
• Referrals to other subspecialties as required
• Risk assessment for sudden cardiac loss
• Evaluation of older people who wish to return to athletic activity

Cardiac Nursing

Cardiac nursing may be a nursing specialty that works with patients who are suffering from varied conditions of the vascular system. Cardiac nurses facilitate treat conditions like unstable angina, myocardiopathy, arterial coronary disease, congestive cardiopathy, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia underneath the direction of a heart specialist. Cardiac nurses perform operative care on a surgical unit, assay evaluations, cardiac observance, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Vascular nurses should have Basic Life Support and advanced cardiac Life Support certification. Additionally, cardiac nurses should possess specialized skills together with ECG monitoring, defibrillation, and medication administration by continuous drip.

Medication and Drug Abuse

Medication
There are several medication prescribed for heart disease. It is important for individuals with cardiovascular disease and those who take care of them to know the meds, follow the labels, and acknowledge potential aspect effects. The ones most people with heart disease are given by their doctor include:
• Anticoagulants
• Antiplatelet Agents and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
• ACE Inhibitors
• Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
• Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors
• Beta Blockers
• Calcium Channel Blockers
• Cholesterol-lowering medications
• Digitalis Preparations
• Diuretics
• Vasodilators

Drug Abuse
Heart disease is a broad term describing various health problems that can occur in the heart, including cardiovascular issues. Drug abuse can distress the heart beyond the cardiovascular system and the consequences can be just as lethal. Other heart complications caused by substance abuse may include: Hypertension, Arrhythmia, Coronary Thrombosis, Congestive Heart Failure and Hemorrhagic Stroke.